A hypersonic weapon is a type of advanced military technology that is designed to travel at extremely high speeds, specifically at hypersonic velocities. Hypersonic refers to speeds greater than Mach 5, which is five times the speed of sound or approximately 6,174 kilometers per hour (3,836 miles per hour). These weapons are capable of achieving speeds that far exceed the capabilities of traditional ballistic missiles and other conventional weapons.


The key characteristic of hypersonic weapons is their ability to maneuver and travel at such high velocities, making them difficult to detect, track, and intercept by existing defense systems. They combine speed with highly agile flight capabilities, allowing them to change course and altitude during flight, making them more unpredictable and elusive targets.


1. Hypersonic weapons can be categorized into two main types: hypersonic glide vehicles (HGVs) and hypersonic cruise missiles (HCMs).


1. Hypersonic Glide Vehicles (HGVs): HGVs are launched into space atop a rocket and then glide back to Earth, maneuvering at hypersonic speeds along a pre-determined flight path. They are typically equipped with warheads and have the ability to perform complex maneuvers during the descent phase, making them difficult to track and intercept. HGVs can be launched from various platforms, including ground-based systems, aircraft, or submarines.



2. Hypersonic Cruise Missiles (HCMs): HCMs are powered by engines and are capable of sustained hypersonic flight throughout their entire mission. They differ from traditional cruise missiles by traveling at much higher speeds. HCMs are designed to carry conventional or nuclear warheads and can be launched from ground-based platforms, ships, or aircraft. They offer the advantage of quick response times, increased range, and enhanced survivability due to their high speeds and maneuverability.


Hypersonic weapons offer several potential advantages in military operations. The key benefits include:


1. Enhanced Speed: Hypersonic weapons travel at speeds that significantly reduce the time it takes for them to reach their targets. This speed advantage provides limited reaction time for defending forces and increases the likelihood of mission success.


3. Improved Maneuverability: The ability to maneuver at hypersonic speeds allows these weapons to evade enemy defenses and countermeasures. They can alter their trajectory, change direction, or even loiter in the vicinity of the target, increasing their chances of reaching and successfully striking the intended objective.


3. Increased Range: Hypersonic weapons have the potential for extended range due to their high speeds and efficient flight profiles. This enables them to cover greater distances in shorter time frames, expanding the operational reach of the launching platform.


4. Reduced Vulnerability: The speed and maneuverability of hypersonic weapons make them harder to detect and intercept using traditional missile defense systems. Their ability to evade enemy defenses makes them less vulnerable to interception, enhancing their effectiveness on the battlefield.



However, there are also challenges and concerns associated with hypersonic weapons. These include technical complexities in propulsion, materials, and guidance systems, as well as the potential for triggering an arms race and destabilizing the existing strategic balance between nations.


It's important to note that the field of hypersonic weapons is rapidly evolving, and new developments continue to occur. The information provided here represents a general overview of hypersonic weapons based on the knowledge available up until September 2021.